The International Polar and Geophysical Years.
Created by agraham on Aug 13, 2008
Last updated: 10/12/10 at 09:25 AM
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Borderlands Photo Exhibition Opens Feb. 23Webnewswire.com... recipient of a National Science Foundation grant to document polar research during the 2007-2009 International Polar Year; Miguel Angel de la Cueva, ...and more »
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Looking for green in federal budgetCBC.caCanada allotted $156 million for Arctic research during the International Polar Year from 2007 to 2009. "We've had two wonderful years of well-funded ...
http://news.google.com/news/url?fd=R&sa=T&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fcanada%2Fnorth%2Fstory%2F2010%2F03%2F03%2Ff-federal-budget-2010-science-innovation.html&usg=AFQjCNF_HB3ROirDtBchJwEWixgb4ErJKw
Stanford University NewsDeep in ancient seafloor sediments off Antarctica, Stanford researchers find ...Stanford University News... as part of its Ice Stories project, which began covering Arctic and Antarctic scientific explorations during the International Polar Year (2007-2008). ...and more »
http://news.google.com/news/url?fd=R&sa=T&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2010%2Ffebruary15%2Fdunbar-antarctic-research-021810.html&usg=AFQjCNGxL-bZk7voaUZQkJNUOqBQfz38oQ
The cost of your shoesUT The Daily TexanCombine this with the International Polar Year's report that the Arctic is experiencing ice loss that is worse than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ...
http://news.google.com/news/url?fd=R&sa=T&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytexanonline.com%2Fopinion%2Fthe-cost-of-your-shoes-1.2052112&usg=AFQjCNF7Nv4dsBL4e8APvlQnS704pnW8Gw
Arctic sea ice extent third lowest since 1979Gaea Times (blog)... international team that carried out ecosystem-wide studies of the biological response to Arctic warming during the fourth International Polar Year, ...and more »
http://news.google.com/news/url?fd=R&sa=T&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.taragana.com%2Fn%2Farctic-sea-ice-extent-third-lowest-since-1979-189099%2F&usg=AFQjCNHfg4D1-iSa9jRYJ3YTvzzovkoo0g
Nunatsiaq NewsIqalummiut have their say at Iqaluit round tableNunatsiaq News, CanadaShe said that while students in southern universities earn PhDs with information collected from elders, the locally based Pirurvik Centre could only access $200000 over three years from the $150 million available for International Polar Year research. ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/8-0&fd=R&url=http://www.nunatsiaq.com/news/nunavut/90605_2210.html&cid=1255130701&ei=xGI0SpCmGpDQ6wPu9pGFCA&usg=AFQjCNG2j0dxRwOc_7nydqFLz7WmY6BtBQ
International Polar Year Lecture Series Is Due To Get UnderwayChannel 9, New ZealandThe International Polar Year Lecture Series is due to get underway at the Otago Museum, and features speakers from many of the world's subzero climates. One of the highlights of the fortnight-long series is 'Drilling Back To The Future' by Gary Wilson, ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/1-0&fd=R&url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/11695&cid=0&ei=iR0aSvfvLtWdlQeO9sTIBQ&usg=AFQjCNHekH3X5wm91oBU5v0gANszv7Me5Q
Book a useful resourceWasaga Sun, CanadaCox works with Linda Mackey, renowned climate change artist, art liaison for International Polar year and founder of Arctic Quest and the Polar Artist Group, to spread the word to children and adults through PowerPoint presentations, exhibitions and ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/9-0&fd=R&url=http://www.wasagasun.ca/wasagasun/article/135739&cid=0&ei=75gxSpfROcWdlQe8k6mMCA&usg=AFQjCNEwxN9hTyFGoWDusF3SQDg8guQcRQ
Book a useful resourceWasaga Sun, CanadaCox works with Linda Mackey, renowned climate change artist, art liaison for International Polar year and founder of Arctic Quest and the Polar Artist Group, to spread the word to children and adults through PowerPoint presentations, exhibitions and ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/0-0&fd=R&url=http://www.wasagasun.ca/wasagasun/article/135739&cid=0&ei=FXUPSqjOEYzEsAaOnNSjBQ&usg=AFQjCNH5bTyMfLGtHpVk4PfFVDYvuorkoQ
New Zealand HeraldMichel Jarraud: Global warming proof undeniableNew Zealand Herald, New ZealandScientists with the International Polar Year report that during the summers of 2007 and 2008, the minimum extent of year-round Arctic sea ice decreased to its lowest level since satellite records began 30 years ago. The increased melted land ice and ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/2-0&fd=R&url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/science/news/article.cfm%3Fc_id%3D82%26objectid%3D10571517&cid=1349528189&ei=FXUPSqjOEYzEsAaOnNSjBQ&usg=AFQjCNEvJCx4e5ErzW4mmmi2pX7_SNeXqw
Dawn of a new ArcticEdmonton Journal, CanadaComing in the midst of another International Polar Year, the signing of an Arctic treaty would be a fitting end to an event in which more than sixty countries participated. As much as an international agreement on managing the Arctic is needed, ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/7-0&fd=R&url=http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Dawn%2BArctic/1558738/story.html&cid=1345544722&ei=y7MXSqCoJpmg9ASy--3sDg&usg=AFQjCNHrqgvC8JDbsiICv2VIIvBFmTZFIA
Kennicutt Leads Delegation To Treaty MeetingMedia Newswire (press release), NYThe meeting celebrated the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Antarctic Treaty and the conclusion of the International Polar Year 2007-2008. A joint session of officials and foreign ministers representing the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/9-0&fd=R&url=http://media-newswire.com/release_1089970.html&cid=1342595121&ei=2QANStbBHeGdlQeJitmzCg&usg=AFQjCNEYx41BkKSpo85VOUI3O8Grqo0xaQ
Kennicutt Leads Delegation To Treaty MeetingMedia Newswire (press release), NYThe meeting celebrated the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Antarctic Treaty and the conclusion of the International Polar Year 2007-2008. A joint session of officials and foreign ministers representing the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/7-0&fd=R&url=http://media-newswire.com/release_1089970.html&cid=1342595121&ei=O_0RSq-XJtWdlQf1suGuBw&usg=AFQjCNHPbyig_H_iwpCFu5v30o1nch1_kg
Teacher called to the NorthMississauga News, Canada"It said you should be comfortable with people carrying firearms for the protection of yourself from wildlife," she said. The trip was funded by the federal government under its International Polar Year Program, a large scientific program focused on ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/4-0&fd=R&url=http://www.mississauganews.com/article/26135&cid=1334305911&ei=qHDpSbiwJpD2gQPHt8mNBw&usg=AFQjCNEZvxRttJpDRFEVHD3P7-9esxc_EQ
WMO Announces Symposium on International Polar YearCLIMATE-L.ORG, New York25 March 2009: The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has announced that the US National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation will co-host a symposium that highlights the early accomplishments of the International Polar Year. ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/5-0&fd=R&url=http://www.climate-l.org/2009/03/wmo-announces-symposium-on-international-polar-year.html&cid=0&ei=5MXhSYTpIYaxmAe3gvGpCg&usg=AFQjCNGBb4fxMYoKS2xoOW78J2HOa6Sqtw
Voice of AmericaGovernment of Canada Marks International Polar Day on March 18, 2009MSNBCOTTAWA, ONTARIO - "Oceans and Marine Life Polar Day", an International Polar Year (IPY) webcast event, is taking place on March 18, 2009, from 1 pm to 4 pm, at the theatre of the Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec. "Our Government has made a ...WMO International Polar Day Focuses on Polar Oceans CLIMATE-L.ORGArctic and Antarctic-themed Activities to Bring a Breath of Polar ... Kansas City infoZineall 11 news articles
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/0-0&fd=R&url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29739146/&cid=1316431082&ei=whTIScnQJseosAbA5NyDDw&usg=AFQjCNGoKsZu-OSMb2IeXXxnIU8XYRmONg
National Science Foundation (press release)Arctic and Antarctic-themed Activities to Bring a Breath of Polar ...National Science Foundation (press release)The Baltimore meeting also occurs at the official close of the International Polar Year (IPY), which concentrated deployment into the polar regions by scientists from more than 60 countries, NSF was the lead US agency for IPY, in which many federal ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/9-0&fd=R&url=http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D114340%26org%3DNSF%26from%3Dnews&cid=1316055422&ei=PIrBSaztNZGQsAa8iqGEBg&usg=AFQjCNG1tom4086x_hE9YAh634k_6plkow
Student sees Arctic as crystal ball on climate changeNorthumberland Today, CanadaThis program was made possible through CANDAC (the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change) through special federal funding to commemorate what the United Nations has deemed International Polar Year. Harmsen had to enter a contest to ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/9-0&fd=R&url=http://www.northumberlandtoday.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx%3Fe%3D1461518&cid=0&ei=jiyzSdXXH8qPmAel0PzzBQ&usg=AFQjCNGhPsiaj4rop5zQhcMQ8IyFX7ikwg
China's Antarctic inland team completes construction of Kunlun StationPeople's Daily Online, China... the inland expedition team completed various scientific expedition missions in cross-section research between Dome A and the Zhongshan Station, as part of the core of China's action plan, "PANDA," for the International Polar Year. ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/3-0&fd=R&url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6599966.html&cid=0&ei=lzCkSY7YJqjKkQSth9yGDA&usg=AFQjCNFpBycfauveMpEwQopt65yHAxTjVw
Spencer Museum of Art the Climate Change at the Poles exhibitionArt Daily, Maine - 23 Jan 2009In conjunction with the current International Polar Year, a period devoted to polar research, this exhibition considers examples of material culture from ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/7-0&fd=R&url=http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp%3Fint_sec%3D2%26int_new%3D28580&cid=0&ei=hCB-SaehGqSwQ4KLjbgB&usg=AFQjCNHiMPj9nQ11vOjITYxB8VMCpKWUyA
IPY-research revealed dramatic changesBarents Observer, Russia - 7 hours agoOceanographer Cecilie Mauritzen says that research related to the International Polar Year (IPY) has proven that human activity has a major role in the ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/0-0&fd=R&url=http://www.barentsobserver.com/ipy-research-revealed-dramatic-changes.4548572-16176.html&cid=0&ei=4593Sb2LOYui0QXWwuHJDA&usg=AFQjCNFwUoKlp0LMa_T9_PIQSLI7RJS-Uw
March with the penguinsThe North Bay Nugget, Canada - 30 Dec 2008Marking International Polar Year, King will join 69 other students from across the globe on a month-long voyage with the organization Students on Ice. ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/4-0&fd=R&url=http://www.nugget.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx%3Fe%3D1366672&cid=1288158092&ei=wh1pSfDPM8jcmQfGxPTVDA&usg=AFQjCNE-jczJkS4ZzIEsKZLaCciGvwRosw
2008: The year in scienceCBC.ca, Canada - 29 Dec 2008The Large Hadron Collider, Norway's global seed vault, the International Space Station, International Polar Year research and the Phoenix mission to Mars ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/5-0&fd=R&url=http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2008/12/23/science-year-in-review.html&cid=0&ei=VSd0Sd2aLYrFmQeq8Ly_Bw&usg=AFQjCNHYVoxjTuDp6ArLB_wzGpxWXtLYAg
Global warming and Icebergs: pouring cold water on some ...Vendée Globe, France - 26 Dec 2008«The data at our disposal dates back to the last International Polar year (1957-58). What we can say about the last fifty years is that we have the ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/1-0&fd=R&url=http://www.vendeeglobe.org/en/magazines/7689/global-warming-and-icebergs-pouring-cold-water-on-some-preconceived-ideas.html&cid=0&ei=8-hWSZLgKozK8ASUtPCUAg&usg=AFQjCNE6lSrBgN9lLWnLV-o-loThFmXh6A
The Tely GoGuideSt. John's Telegram, Canada - 18 Dec 2008In recognition of the International Polar Year, the Johnson Geo Centre presents Arctic Adventure, a new travelling exhibit produced by Science North, ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/5-0&fd=R&url=http://www.thetelegram.com/index.cfm%3Fsid%3D202207%26sc%3D85&cid=0&ei=1TBMSfDzDZWO9QT_qKmaDw&usg=AFQjCNGjbSc9ZY8kwsnaxPtq7DYRGXgfSA
Tundra exhales methane when winter comesDigitalJournal.com, Canada - 9 Dec 2008They were able to do that because, thanks to the international polar year, research station Zackenberg in the north-east of Greenland. ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/7-0&fd=R&url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/263278&cid=0&ei=FaNASZwggaL2BLKx-aAJ&usg=AFQjCNFP1S38y2UaSBoA1ASyJ6VUyesG4A
National Science Foundation (press release)Dec. 1 Antarctic Videoconference Bridges Past and Future of Polar ...National Science Foundation (press release) - 26 Nov 2008The exchange between Henson's namesake school and Brown will take place during the International Polar Year (IPY), for which NSF is the lead US agency. ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/6-0&fd=R&url=http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D112730&cid=0&ei=TyIwSZ3PEJnK8AT458AZ&usg=AFQjCNE1z_ce0wvPSl3CybMivI8J0VpOiQ
Kennicutt Moderates Polar Year ForumMedia Newswire (press release), NY - 16 Oct 2008The theme of the conference was “International Polar Year: Global Change in Our Communities” with a particular focus on climate change. ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/1-0&fd=R&url=http://media-newswire.com/release_1076250.html&cid=0&ei=JvQPSa6jJpqO9QSHoNSCDg&usg=AFQjCNFzsFOhG5HgmWkhj5vVIT4X8UgXPA
Discover MagazineClimate change clues buried in ice 1.2m years oldScotsman, United Kingdom - 14 Oct 2008Scientists on the International Polar Year project hope to discover how the mountains were formed, and suitable locations for future ice-core drilling. ...Expedition set for 'ghost peaks' BBC NewsChallenge To Discover Antarctica’s Hidden World Science Daily (press release)Ice-buried mountain range to be studied United Press Internationalall 34 news articles
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/2-0&fd=R&url=http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Climate-change-clues-buried-in.4591694.jp&cid=1257768098&ei=VUf7SOSdDaSeygS88uWiCQ&usg=AFQjCNFdD2mdeAYZP-nkp6O75lZKnegPZg
Russia’s Arctic flagship returns to home port after Arctic 2008 ...ITAR-TASS, Russia - 3 Oct 2008The work of the NP-36 station under the International Polar Year 2007/2008 programme focuses on Russian research and the development of scientific ...
http://news.google.ca/news/url?sa=T&ct=ca/2-0&fd=R&url=http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html%3FNewsID%3D13136777%26PageNum%3D0&cid=1254024707&ei=0ljzSIb_LIu-9gTN_v13&usg=AFQjCNHfSDgeVtKi9CdJIM8mpS51XghKFg
The next Polar Day, on September 24th, will focus on People. There are many ways for researchers in the social sciences and humanities to get involved by, for example, participating in a global online student discussion, being featured in radio events, giving local talks and engaging local media, or writing about your activities for IPY.org. To get involved, please contact Kristi Skebo (skebo@ualberta.ca) who is coordinating the Day.
http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/international_polar_days/
In addition to the oral sessions already proposed in the sixth announcement, we have decided to arrange a poster session on the day of IPY – Sunday August 24th. The poster session will encompass papers where authors prefer to give a poster presentation instead of an oral presentation. The session is targeted researchers as well as local participants who wish to contribute to the conference.
See also http://www.icass.gl/pdf/session/14082008.pdf
http://www.icass.gl/posterSession.aspx
Sixth International Conference on Arctic Social Sciences (ICASS VI)
The International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA) is hosting the Sixth International Conference on Arctic Social Sciences (ICASS VI) in Nuuk, Greenland.
Venue: University of Greenland.
Date: 22-26 August 2008.
http://www.icass.gl/
The German Research Vessel Polarstern had to prove its ice breaking capabilities in Arctic waters to gain data on two series of long-term research measurements. After working in regions up to latitude 82° N, Polarstern of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Helmholtz Association will enter port in Reykjavik (Iceland) on August 10th. “This year, we had to cope with exceptional heavy ice coverage”, says chief scientist Prof. Gerhard Kattner. The sea ice covered the Arctic almost down to latitude 72° in southern direction. Perpetual winds from the Northwest have moved the ice into the central area of the Fram Strait since the beginning of summer. The main focus of the expedition lied in this region: the moorings along 78°50’ N, and the so-called “AWI-Hausgarten”.
http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/rv_polarstern_completes_work_in_the_fram_strait_and_enters_port_in_reykjavi/
http://www.ipy.org/index.php?/ipy/detail/ipy_report_august_2008/
ICSU/WMO Joint Committee assumes IPY planning in October 2004
DK: "As of July 2004 the National Committee received more than 60 IPY project proposals. Most of these proposals deal with topics in, under, over, and around Greenland."
http://www.dpc.dk/Res&Log/IPY/IPY_flier_UK_final.pdf
Meeting of SCAR Ad Hoc Advisory Committee on the IPY. The group met in Bremen on 30 July 2004, following the IPY discussion sessions arranged for 19 and 30 July 2004.
http://www.scar.org/ipy/ipy41rev1/41SCARandIPY2.pdf
SCAR 28th Meeting and 1st SCAR Open Science Conference "Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the Global System," Bremen, 25–31 July 2004. Draft Outline Science plan is presented for comments to participants of the SCAR Open Science Conference, Bremen, 28 July 2004 (Sarukhanian, E. n.d. Preparation for International Polar Year 2007-2008). Discussion of the science plan also announced at ATCM XXVII, 23 May to 4 June 2004.
http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/gsc7/GSC7_B13_IYO.doc
Draft Implementation Plan v.1.4. "The purpose of this document is: to define the types of activity that will take place as part of the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008; to describe who will carry out those activities and how they will be funded; to and analyse options for the planning, organisation, oversight and completion of the IPY activities; to establish a set of principles to apply to the implementation of the IPY; to propose a process for the formal of IPY activities; and to develop recommendations for ICSU and WMO on how to proceed once the ICSU IPY Planning Group completes its work" (p. 1).
http://asof.npolar.no/library/pdf/ICSU_IPY_IP.pdf
An Announcement of Opportunity is made on 22nd July 2004 inviting offers to host and fund the IPY IPO. The WMO will enhance the IPO by providing additional support from its Headquarters in Geneva.
http://classic.ipy.org/development/framework/IPY_implementation_v1.5.pdf
The Implementation of the International Polar Year 2007-2008 ver. 1.3, draft for comment
http://www.aosb.org/ipy/ipy_draft_imp_plan.doc
KR: News item on IPY
http://www.hani.co.kr/section-010100007/2004/07/010100007200407201306667.html
CA: IPY Consultation Session, Yellowknife, NT. This dialogue is intended to ensure northern involvement in IPY and to determine the priorities of the North for scholarship programs. "Concerns were raised that northern involvement in IPY was not sufficiently advanced, although it was accepted that the purpose of the meeting was to initiate this process" (report). "Capacity building in the north has to be enhanced to meet the present and future needs of a modern northern society. In the short term, it would also help to enable meaningful participation in the opportunities offered within the framework of IPY" (report).
http://www.ipy-api.ca/english/documents/e_con_yellowknife.pdf
US: International Polar Year 2007-2008: Implementation Workshop, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 8-9 July 2004. A workshop to encourage federal agencies plan and coordinate IPY activities. The Workshop, attended by 47 agency representatives and scientists, focused on how the U.S. might address move ahead in developing a suite of coordinated scientific activities in the context of both known and potential international IPY interests.
http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11110
About 600 expressions of interest submitted, which 'helped shape the development of an Outline Science Plan and later the “Framework for IPY 2007-2008”' (C. Ellis-Evans, presentation to Open Consultative Forum, Paris, March 2005)
http://classic.ipy.org/international/presentations/Presentation%20to%20OCF.ppt
UNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission [IOC] Executive Council adopts Resolution EC-XXXVII.3, to express interest in joining the proposed ICSU–WMO Joint Organizing Committee; to develop a plan for IOC’s participation in the science initiatives of the IPY; to discuss with the co-sponsors of the IPY, the eventual creation of a group of experts to coordinate polar ocean science beyond 2008; and report on these matters to the 23rd Session of the Assembly. (paras. 91-96)
http://tinyurl.com/yscy5y
US: “Bridging the Poles: Linking Education with Research,” NSF OPP sponsored first of a series of workshops, this one organized by Robin Bell and Stephanie Pfirman of Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Washington, D.C., 23-25 June 2004, to bring together educators, researchers, media and museum outreach experts, agency representatives, and others to discuss effective mechanisms to conduct education and outreach in support of the IPY.
http://classic.ipy.org/national/HAIS%201_Oct06/US%20Status%20Report%2010-4-06.pdf
CA: IPY Consultation meeting in Iqaluit, NU. "Part of the enduring legacy of IPY 2007/09 should be new research infrastructure in the north." "There was some discussion concerning the rhetoric about consultation with northerners, and noted that this could be a research agenda in itself. For example, how can northerners be engaged in research – what works, what doesn’t, how can capacity by enhanced? What exactly is northern consultation? – this question has been asked for decades and IPY presents an opportunity to properly document and better understand this question." (Report)
http://www.ipy-api.ca/english/documents/e_con_iqaluit_report.pdf
AU: The National Committee on Antarctic Research (NCAR) and the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC highlighted the occasion of the forthcoming International Polar Year (2007-2008) as providing a unique opportunity for Australia to strengthen its international relationships. [Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre (Mapstone B), Transcript, 16 June 2004, p 24; and National Committee on Antarctic Science (Allison I), Transcript, 16 June 2004, p 49.] (Antarctica: Australia’s Pristine Frontier. Report on the adequacy of funding for Australia’s Antarctic Program, 2005, p. 49). Discussion: "Professor Mapstone: There is coming up in a couple of years time the international polar year at which there will be a tremendous amount of focus on polar processes, both north polar and south polar, and we have a great opportunity to be major players in that. The outcomes of that focus I think will be of significance throughout the world."
http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/antarctic/report/chapter4.pdf
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