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The Genesis was sent into space to attempt to study the origin of the sun. It was to do this by collecting samples of solar wind. The spacecraft was equipped with tools to collect particles from solar wind. Once enough particles were collected the tube containing the particles was sent back to Earth and studied.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/genesis/origins/index.html
The ISS (International Space Station) is an international station up in Earth's atmosphere to test and create spacecraft systems and techniques for future missions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station
Cassini was launched in 1997 with the main objective of studying Saturn. Cassini was also launched to help study Saturn's largest moon Titan. It is still orbiting and studying to this day.
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/introduction/
The Mars Rovers (Pathfinder, Phoenix, and Spirit/Opportunity) were sent to Mars to research more about the actual land on Mars and it's characteristics. Also they wanted to see if Mars had water/could be conductive for life.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover#Objectives
SOHO (the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) is designed to study the Sun, and it's outer atmosphere. It also watches solar winds and tries to figure out their origin.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/soho/index.html
UARS, or Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, was sent to study Earth's atmosphere. UARS collected info on carbon dioxide, ozone, chlorine, methane, nitrogen oxides and chlorofluorocarbons.
http://science.nasa.gov/missions/uars/
The Ulysses was sent to learn more about and observe our Sun. Ulysses studied the Sun at its poles. It has observed the Sun and its heliosphere during solar maximums and minimums.
http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/index.html
The Hubble Space Telescope was sent into space with the hope of sending images of space back to Earth that are clearer then any one taken from Earth. The hope was that by sending the telescope into space it would receive better pictures because it is above the Earth's picture distorting atmosphere. So far it has been very successful.
http://hubble.nasa.gov/overview/intro.php
The Voyager was sent into space to take pictures of our solar system, mainly the planets we had never recieved good pictures of. Voyager succeeded in capturing pictures of Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, Earth and Venus.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager-20100212.html
The Galileo orbiter was sent to explore and study Jupiter's moons. Galileo discovered possible water on Europa.
http://www.nasa.gov/news/mission/galileo_dies.html
Magellan was sent to space to map and photograph Venus. Almost all of the details we know about Venus come as a result of Magellan.
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/fact.html
Created reuseable spacecrafts. Furthered our ability to make discoveries,. Since then has been used to put people in space, fix satellites, and help build the International Space Station.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/flyout/index.html
The Viking Mission to Mars helped us learn more about Mars and discover volcanoes, lava plains, immense canyons, cratered areas, and wind-formed features. Viking helped to drastically expand our info on Mars.
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking.html
The Skylab was designed to prove that people could live and work in space and also to expand our knowledge of space beyond what is visible from Earth.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/skylab/
Goal of missions was to get a man in the moon. 6 of the missions successfully achieved this goal.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/index.html
Rocket used to launch Apollo astronauts from Apollo 8 on ward, including Apollo 11 which was the first to reach the moon.
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/spacerace/sec300/sec384.htm
The Gemini Project was set up to help plan just how NASA was going to get a man on the moon. It tested things from the body in space to just how the spacecrafts would travel. Created rendevous.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gemini/index.html
Program designed to study ionizing radiation, cosmic rays, magnetic fields, and micrometeorites near Earth and in lunar orbit.
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1958-007A
Mercury Project was designed to learn how a person's body would function in space. The Project also wanted to orbit the Earth and successfully bring back the people and the spacecraft.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/program-toc.html
Explorer 1 was America's first satellite and our response to the USSR's Sputnik. Explorer measured the cosmic radiation in Earth's orbit.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/explorer/explorer-overview.html
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