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DipitySeveral Changes to Special Education Law
PL 105-17 Changes in discipline and suspension/expulsion requirements
Serves very young children and expectant mothers who are at risk.
Systems-based reform for all students, including those with disabilities
Stated that inclusion is a right and not a privilege.
Now Called the Early Education Project for Children with disabilities, this project funded models, training, and research for Early Childhood. This program has been discontinued.
4 part test that legally defines the benefit of inclusion: 1. what benefits are available when supported? 2. non academic benefits 3. impact on children in general education 4. cost
PL 102-119 EHA is re-named IDEA
Indefinite suspensions violated the stay-put provision of EHA, and consituted lack of services. This case put a cap on suspensions and expulsions of students whose behavior was a manifestation of t...
In this case, summer vacation resulted in the loss of walking, which was never regained. Schools are now required to provide ESY to those who might regress over summer vacation.
PL 99-457 Part H, now known as Part C, expanded Special Education Law to include individuals from birth-21
Amy, a Deaf girl, requested an educational package to maximize her academic achievement. However, the courts rules that schools are required to provide services that are reasonably calculated to pr...
IQ tests were determined to be culturally biased against African American Students. Therefore, IQ tests alone can no longer be used to determine eligibility.
PL 94-142
PL 106-402 Part of the Rehabilitation Act, which reduces discrimination in entities receiving federal funds.
Included the 504 regulations, which stated that all entities receiving federal funds must make materials and buildings accessible
WIC Designed to increase nutrition for at risk mothers and their young children
PL 92-424 10% of slots in Head Start must be reserved for children with disabilities. 7 Disability categories are named in this re-authorization.
7 children with disabilities in DCPS were denied an education based upon disability. This is where the concept of a Free Appropriate Public Education begins. It is also the basis of due process a...
Before he was known for "Al Capone's Vaults" and daytime TV, Geraldo Rivera did an eye-opening expose of the abuses in Willowbrook, an institution in New York.
Before PARC, mental retardation, specifically IQ, could be the basis for exclusion in the Public School System. This was the basis of Special Education Law as it continues today.
In this case, the courts stated that there was proof that Mexican-Americans gained 15 points in IQ when the test was given in Spanish. Tests must be given in the taker's native language
Along with more programs for individuals with disabilities, the individuals themselves began to have a voice. Many began speaking up for themselves.
PL 90-538 (HCEEP) Allowed for federal funds to be used to sponsor and improve Early Intervention.
PL 90-248 (EPSDT) Focus on prevention of Developmental Disabilities
A photoessay depicting life in institutions. Documentation of the abuses in some institutions.
Head Start and Title I - had provisions for individuals with disabilities
President Kennedy had a sister, Rose, who had cognitive disabilities.
Coined the term "Learning Disabilities"
People, in general, were interested in peace and civil rights. This is the beginning of more legal protections as well
During the Cold War, the Russians launched the first successful spacecraft. The fallout in the US was greater movement towards achievement and educational standards
This landmark legislation led the way to desegregation of schools based upon race. This gave hope to individuals looking for desegregation based upon disability.
The ARC, also known as the Association for Retarded Citizens and at one point The Association for the Retarded, is founded by concerned families. It is still in operation as the Arc.
Parents are beginning to advocate for their children, and many parent-run organizations are founded. Authors such as Pearl Buck and Dale Evans begin writing about their experiences as parents.
Institutionalization is growing; more kids are being sent to institutions. The institutions, however, are largely not growing with the times. Many are overcrowded, deteriorating, and staffed by ...
Some people are now challenging the prevailing paradigm of the day that points to "disease" or "deficit". Instead, professionals are challenged to look at individual strength. This is the first t...
Social and educational agenda.
During the 1930s, Special Education is becoming commonplace. Teacher training and research in disability is beginning to take place. This training and recognition moves in a very similar path to...
With the onset of the Great Depression, children with disabilities were becoming more and more excluded. Federal law, such as Beattie v. BOE, said that this was OK.
Parents began to band together and some well-known groups began to form
Advocates from both regular and special education camps advocate for segregated programs for children with disabilities. Some advocate total segregation, where others advocate special classes. ...
During the 1920s, many new methods that we now call special education begin to emerge.
People were returning from World War I with more and more disabilities. Suddenly, people with disabilities were being seen as in need of services and rehabilitiation Smith-Hughes act (Pl 64-347)...
An English translation of the popular IQ test is now available. This allows schools a scientific test to determine who is suitable for public school.
Institutions for the "feeble minded" become more common
In the early 1900s, Disability became more of a social concern. -Many researchers were studying disability "scientifically" -A medical model of deficiency was applied -segregated programs for the ...
As the United States becomes more industrialized, more people are emigrating to the big city. -Women and children are more likely to be employed. -Government and policy is seen as central to soc...
Ungraded classes begin for students who are deemed "unteachable" or have behavioral issues. These classes soon become a dumping ground for anyone who cannot be easily managed in the regular clas...
Institutions are the best place to help individuals with disabilities
Located in MA
More of a move to see children as individuals. This bleeds over into the disability community
Founded in MA
Founded by Gallaudet, a progressive educator of the Deaf. Gallaudet University in Washington, DC is named after him.
These are words I've found that were used to describe individuals with disabilities: Deaf Blind Retarded Handicapped Backward Idiot Imbecile Spastic Crippled Delinquent Deficient Subnormal Slow T...
