Recent Event Highlights: Electronic Drum Controller Prototype, Headphone with piezoelectric transducers gel hi-fidelity with modern style, ya shinikizo. Piezoelectric vile vifaa, au transducers, Stalked, Harassed, and Targeted with Projected Acoustic Effects, Directed Energy Technology, DET, weapons Attack, Victim of Directed Energy Technology, DET, Weapon, and 28 more...
Created by dipity on Aug 24, 2010
Last updated: 08/24/10 at 05:34 AM
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My first project using a piezoelectric transducer (piezo). The midi controller board plus Reaper (VSTi), emulate a basic drum module.
Excerpt
...music needs. Accompanied with a very innovative foldable headband joining the earcups, the portable headphones have piezoelectric transducers with PVDF film (instead of magnets) underneath the ear cushions. The headphone’s integrated amplifier which draws...
Source Info
Gizmo Watch
http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/gizmowatch/CkMH/~3/EUPv5A_GYHE/
A primer to the unresolved mystery of the material used and how copper is a better conductor to elicit a piezoelectric effect when integrated with a black box. The original hieroglyph was white, with a black base, and reddish brown speckled sides. the reddish brown maybe copper relative to a black base. Could the black base be a black box?
When the two smaller videos appear, you must CROSS YOUR EYES until the two images overlap forming three images, with the SWEET 3D IMAGE IN THE CENTER. you must focus your eyes on that one while keeping your eyes crossed. It really isn't THAT hard, just takes a little mental focus. This video is made for the Makerbot giveaway. in Google Sketchup I made a little mount that perfectly accepts two 5th gen iPod nano's, then you can record in perfect stereoscopic video! here is my design on thingiverse... www.thingiverse.com i WISH i had the means of rapidly prototyping a true stereoscopic mount. I have been balls to the walls in love with reprap and makerbot since I heard of them. My dream is to make baby accessories and waste vegetable oil fuel system accessories with the makerbot. Baby accessories include rattles (scale up for maracas), baby sized crocs, pacifiers (only out of PLA), rubber nipple molds for silicon, toys, toys, toys... WVO fuel designs will include in-line WVO prefilters (small mesh circles or hemispheres), mounting brackets for ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers (to use cavitation to instantly change viscosity of WVO sans heat, this is how all "cool mist" vaporizers work), also for countless handles and mounting brackets that will be indispensable for a DIY house-on-wheels schoolbus conversion. heres looking at you (in 3D), rr
kwa sababu majaji binadamu ni hivyo tayari kutoa faida ya shaka wakati majibu conversational ni uwezo wa kuwa na kufasiriwa kama "akili." Kwa hiyo, mbinu muhimu hapa - ambayo sifa ya mpango kama zaidi kama lugha ya asili mbaya mfumo usindikaji - ni uzalishaji wa majibu ambayo ni hazieleweki kutosha na zisizo maalum kwamba wanaweza kuelewa kama "akili" katika mazingira mbalimbali ya conversational. Mkazo ni kawaida ya vagueness na badala kuliko kutangaza habari ya kweli. Hivi karibuni zaidi, hata hivyo, interface DESIGNERS nimekuja kufahamu kuwa utayari wa binadamu 'kutafsiri kompyuta kama dhati ya pato conversational - hata kama ni kweli kulingana na muundo vinavyolingana na badala rahisi-- inaweza kuwa kunyonywa kwa madhumuni ya muhimu. Watu wengi wanapendelea kuhusika na mipango ni binadamu kama, na hii inatoa style mbinu jukumu muhimu katika mifumo ya uwezekano wa mwingiliano ambayo yanahitaji elicit habari kutoka kwa watumiaji, kama muda kama taarifa kwamba iko moja kwa moja na huanguka katika makundi unatabirika. Kwa hiyo, kwa mfano, online msaada mifumo unaweza effektivt kuajiri mbinu ya kubaini eneo la kusaidia kwamba watumiaji kuhitaji, uwezekano wa kutoa interface "friendlier" kuliko tafuta zaidi rasmi au menu ni kipaza sauti iliyoundwa chini ya maji kutumika kwa ajili ya kurekodi au kusikiliza chini ya maji sound. hydrophones wengi ni msingi transducer ya piezoelectric kwamba inazalisha umeme wakati hubakwa na mabadiliko ya shinikizo. Piezoelectric vile vifaa ...
this video is the khunnas of last 4 yrs,,,,,see how v don it,,
This is one example of a fairly recent trend in electronic stalking happening here in America and other places around the world. This method of stalking apparently involves both through the wall visual imaging and projected special effect sounds and voice. This form of targeting can be very effective, when conducted in parallel with other modes of projected effects, as a mechanism to keep the targeted individual, TI, in a constant sleep deprived condition---a serious form of torture---and can lead to death. In the video, I am wearing a chip-strap in order to assure that I am not intentionally making any of the sounds and noise recorded. The cloth is there to keep the light out of my eyes. I am wearing earplugs; thus, for most part, I do not hear most of what's going on that the recorder "sees" and "hears". In the video, you will hear popping sounds in the background. That is actual projected pulsed energy picked up and detected by, 20, two inch piezoelectric transducer elements. The voice and special effect sounds were also detected by these piezoelectric transducer elements (no actual microphone was use). What you will see and hear in this video amounts to nothing less than sheer high-tech stalking abuse and harassment on an unimaginable scale.
This video demonstrates some of the very strange and bizarre capabilities of DET projected pulsed energy effects. As it turns out, there are patterns that the Op's follow in carrying out their targeting, harassment, and electronic torture of TI's, or targeted individuals. There's a fair amount of evidence to suggest that the stalking and abuse is conducted by teams of stalkers rotating in shifts of maybe three 6 hour periods. I believe that this is one of the principle factors this video hints at. I am wearing earplugs, so I don't directly hear much of the noise that is taking place in the room. The towel across the face is there to keep the light out. I am laying on a piece of sheet metal (5 ft. by 1 1/2 ft.) with 20 piezoelectric transducer elements attached to it. These transducers convert mechanical force into an equivalent electrical signal that can be amplified, heard, and displayed on electronic instrumentation. The rheumatic clicking, popping, and pulsing noise is actual projected pulsed energy striking the transducer elements remotely from some distant source. At around 4:32 AM, there is a clear indication of a changing of the Op's. Up until that time, the targeting was constant. After 4:32 AM, there is an entirely different kind of targeting effect going on. This clearly suggest a change of shift. It's hard to say about other times, but 4:30 AM seems to be pretty common among TI's when the nature of targeting effects suddenly change and take on a new dimension.
This ten minute video demonstrates how the targeted victim (Targeted Individual or TI) is routinely abused and tortued on a 24/7 basis. One of the many commonalities that TI's share is sleep deprivation and being deliberately woken at nearly the same time, on the hour and minute, each morning. This appears to be done remotely and with intent, by way of some type of projected electrically pulsed energy -- see digital clock time of 5:59 to 6:00 AM. This pulsed energy will waken the targeted victim, the TI, and leave them stunned them for a moment. Afterwards, the TI may not even know why they woke up, believing that for unclear reasons, they just did. In this video, I am sleeping on the couch, laying on top of a piece of sheet-metal (5 ft. x 1 1/2 ft.) of which there are 20 piezoelectric transducer elements (transducers that convert mechanical force into electrical signal) attached. The pulsed energy will actually impinge upon some of these transducers creating an equivalent electrical signal which gets amplified, heard, and displayed by instrumentation. I am wearing earplugs so I rarely hear the sound activity taking place during the recording session until I play the tape back the next day. I am wearing a cloth across my eyes in order to block out the light. What is shown here is not in anyway unque to just myself but many other victims are abused and harassed "electronically" from a distance too. This phenomena is an national and international problem, which requires ...
The objective here is to present evidence for illegal stalking and targeting of people in their own homes, by way of some form of complex pulsed energy. Watch the video for the sudden jerking motion of the head, listen to the projected sounds that occur, watch the instrumentation as seen in the right mirror and the effects of my feet and legs in the left mirror being selectively targeted by pulsed energy. The equalizer's LED matrix display and the oscilloscope's trace triggers each time a projected pulse of energy strikes one or more of the 20 piezoelectric transducer element detectors. There are 20 such detectors attached to a metal plate 2 ft. x 5 ft., of which I am lying on. Keep in mind that I am wearing a chin-strap that physically holds my mouth and jaws closed. As such, the sounds heard in this video cannot be made by me. I am wearing earplugs, so I don't even hear, for most part, the sounds going on around me as they occur. These strange acoustics and sounds are somehow projected into the room. The pulsed energy make a clear and distinct "popping" noise as shown on the equipment displays. For all practical purposes, this pulsed energy appears to come right up through the floor and couch in which I am lying. It is not clear just what kind of directed energy can carry and transmit this type of physical force. Whatever that energy is, it has an effect both on the surface of the body and, internally. This energy can damage and destroy internal organ systems in a most ...
This video describes how to use portable ultrasonic nebulizer provided by Assist Medical Supplies company, you can easily buy it on their internet shop www.WalkBeyond.com Description Assist Medical Supplies Ultrasonic nebulizer takes advantage of the most advanced developments in respiratory science and technology and offers an efficient, convenient and environmentally friendly option for your treatment. This product is designed for both adults and children, with a special orifice design to improve absorption of the aerosol particles. The embedded DENSYLOGIC system guarantees a balanced drug/air mix delivery. If you use PulmiCort Respules, we recommend a nebulizer compressor Ultrasonic nebulizer requires water for operation Features DENSYLOGIC Technology The newest embedded DENSYLOGIC system helps create a constant aerosol drug density (caad) that allows the delivery of a balanced drug/air mix, making it ideal for use with medications of various densities. Patented Energizer Assist Medical Supplies ultrasonic nebulizer provides better performance with lower power consumption, due to its patented energizer design. Aesthetic Profile Design Special streamlined orifice design makes every treatment a pleasant and comfortable experience. More Effective Assist Medical Supplies ultrasonic nebulizer uses piezoelectric transducers to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy so that small droplets are broken by the standing sound waves and are shaken loose from the surface ...
The temate® TG-IL is designed for automated in-line thickness measurement of metallic parts and components. The measurement is made by calculating the time it takes for an ultrasonic pulse that has been generated in the material to reflect back from an opposite wall or boundary. Once the speed of sound is obtained theoretically or using a calibrated test piece, thickness is derived using a simple mathematical equation. For generation of ultrasound the temate® TG-IL uses non-contact Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) technology, a technique especially well suited for taking measurements at high production speeds in demanding industrial environments. EMAT differs from other ultrasonic methods in the way the sound is generated. In traditional ultrasound a piezoelectric crystal is used to convert electrical energy into a mechanical vibration, which makes its way into the test piece via a liquid couplant. An EMAT relies on electro-magnetic acoustic interaction between the probe and the material to generate the ultrasound. An EMAT located in close proximity of an electrical conductor will make the lattice surface vibrate thus inducing the ultrasonic pulse in the part. The material being inspected is in essence its own transducer, eliminating the need for couplant. The advantages of generating the sound in the part for thickness measurement include: Dry, non-contact inspection. This facilitates integration and automation and permits high-temperature and high speed ...
temate® Pi-NB is an automatic system for volumetric, ultrasonic inspection of metallic plates, without couplant. The system uses ultrasonic EMAT (Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer) methods to detect lamination defects and other internal flaws. An array of transducers is deployed for full volumetric inspection coverage. The system features a real-time readout, and saves a complete and traceable record for later post-analysis, tracking and process monitoring. As an option, a paint marking system is supplied for immediate marking of flaw locations. The advantages of the temate® Pi-NB over conventional piezoelectric transducer solutions for plate inspection include: Dry inspection. It eliminates couplant errors and costly handling. It also allows inspection of hot and cold plates Easier probe deployment. EMAT probes do not require to be perfectly perpendicular to the part to perform the inspection, facilitating mechanical deployment and improving the reliability of the inspection Greater probe consistency. EMAT coils are integrated circuits with practically no variability from probe to probe Less sensitivity to surface conditions. EMATs can inspect oily, wet or oxidized surfaces with no change in performance Better performance in real-life inspections. While our EMAT plate inspection systems provide similar or better sensitivity to defects than equivalent piezoelectric systems in laboratory settings, actual performance in typical mill environments is superior thanks to all ...
This is my homemade electronic drum set. I call it the Coltronics Kit-e ("Kitty"). I made this video to show how I put it all together in case you might be thinking about making your own electronic drum kit. I came up with my own design. It started with a piezoelectric transducer soldered to a couple of wires and connected to a quarter inch phone jack. By trial-and-error, it morphed into what youre seeing in this video. Ive had it for a number of years but its held up well. Im pleased with its design. Its compact. It works well. It was relatively inexpensive to put together using materials that are fairly easy to obtain. So check out the video. I hope it gives you some ideas.
Excerpt
...solenoid and standard piezo technologies with a new, low profile, low power, flexible, and robust alternative. Piezoelectric transducers can do many things. They can operate as sensors, actuators, vibration dampeners, and energy harvesters. Traditionally pneumatic...
Source Info
Emediawire.com
http://www.prweb.com/releases/2009/12/prweb3281304.htm
This video describes how to use portable ultrasonic nebulizer provided by Assist Medical Supplies company, you can easily buy it on their internet shop www.WalkBeyond.com Description Assist Medical Supplies Ultrasonic nebulizer takes advantage of the most advanced developments in respiratory science and technology and offers an efficient, convenient and environmentally friendly option for your treatment. This product is designed for both adults and children, with a special orifice design to improve absorption of the aerosol particles. The embedded DENSYLOGIC system guarantees a balanced drug/air mix delivery. If you use PulmiCort Respules, we recommend a nebulizer compressor Ultrasonic nebulizer requires water for operation Features DENSYLOGIC Technology The newest embedded DENSYLOGIC system helps create a constant aerosol drug density (caad) that allows the delivery of a balanced drug/air mix, making it ideal for use with medications of various densities. Patented Energizer Assist Medical Supplies ultrasonic nebulizer provides better performance with lower power consumption, due to its patented energizer design. Aesthetic Profile Design Special streamlined orifice design makes every treatment a pleasant and comfortable experience. More Effective Assist Medical Supplies ultrasonic nebulizer uses piezoelectric transducers to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy so that small droplets are broken by the standing sound waves and are shaken loose from the surface ...
Velvet Revolver "Fall to Pieces". Slash again - so more finger shredding bent notes. Ow. If bits of it sound familiar, there's a bit of a nod to the G&R's Sweet Child of Mine intro. The acoustic sections are a tad messy & there's a blooper or two, but on the whole it's ok for a few hours' work. The solo came out ok - it's the rest of it that's a bit craptacular! For any technophiles, I'm using a combination of the neck humbucking pickup & the built in piezoelectric transducers to try to get a more "acoustic" sound - until I hit the distortion box anyhow. The local tom cat left a mark of his appreciation of my guitaring efforts - I recorded this after cleaning it off the front of the guitar, after he did a house raid during the night. Less uriney comments also welcomed!
Poet Laureate Infinity Mix by GeoLaureate8 (Me). Enjoy. *Canibus resides in Las Vegas which is why I put that lyric in there. Lyrics: Geographic Information Systems City of Las Vegas Manipulate my message Started with some numbers, the code crackers start crunching I better have some results by months end Really, Deep Blue computes deeply and does it What's the answers to the Universe? Read me the numbers Mozart with a flowchart putting together parts of an unknown art We purchased the best Business Intelligence System To amplify every archived file written The multiplex meshing multiple messages is too much for me Truly, there is too much to see Unsatisfied, I decide to redefine rhyme To create product of an applied mind Proto plasma recycles the matter perpetually, theoretically Incredibly, Einstein has mentored me Sentences are sometimes too sensitive to make sense of it Layer upon layer upon layer unedited You lazy and you wanna be the best? You crazy! The best train everyday of the week Propulsion system is gravity driven, white hot thermal external vision Every lyric got a wormhole in it We need some new bright ideas that we did not know You cannot fold under the political pressure You gotta take prudent and precautionary measures Publicly coming forward with my maps to share Space serpents flying around in the troposphere At the top of the Temple Mount Mosque I look at the Sun I have just a few words for everyone Everybody bow your heads, and say this prayer From ...
Hate that darned beeper on your microwave? Some models have a feature that lets you turn off the beep. Check your owner's manual. If (for some reason) you don't have your manual, we can try to find it online for you. Feel free to e-mail us at prototech@usa.net with your brand and model number from the tag on your microwave oven. If your model does not allow you to turn it off, you can still silence it. You can desolder the piezoelectric beeper element (the preferred method) on the circuit board, you can clip one or both of its leads, or you can snap it off. This video shows you how to do the latter. While this method works safely for us, YOU assume all risk if you decide to do this to your microwave oven's controller. First see our video on "Safely Removing a Microwave Oven's Control Panel" here: www.youtube.com Visit www.microwavedisplay.com for free tips and advice. If you have a bad microwave oven display (LED, LCD or VFD), trouble with your fan or cooktop stovetop / work lights, we can probably help. # # #
Hovergroup (MIT) has the latest research video clip on an remarkable acoustic streaming effect generated by an ultrasonic transducer, termed UltraSonic Thruster (UST). UST produces only ultrasound which interacts with the water to produce a flow - all with zero moving parts!! The colored quivers indicate the speed of the particles in front of the UST with "red quivers" signify the highest velocity.
Hovergroup (MIT) has the latest research video clip on an remarkable acoustic streaming effect generated by an ultrasonic transducer, termed UltraSonic Thruster (UST). UST produces only ultrasound which interacts with the water to produce a flow - all with zero moving parts!!
i built an accelerometer from the piezoelectric transducer (loaded with a small mass) and connected it to operational amplifier and thyristor. it reacts to just slight vertical movements. however it's very insensitive when it comes to planar movements. here's the accelerometer itself: i29.tinypic.com
Chemistry Video for 1403.
The piezoelectric effect can be harnessed to give a useful DC (direct current output). When a piezo transducer is flexed it produces a voltage. However the direction of this voltage (or rather the current it causes) changes direction (positive/negative voltage) depending on whether it is under compression or tension. The full-wave rectification circuit shown in this clip takes the opposite voltages from the "squeeze" (compression) and "release" (tension) and puts them in the same direction. The capacitor across the output soothes the rectified current.
How can you generate energy from movement or pressure? A simple piezoelectric disk (the kind that you use as a transducer/sounder) can be used in reverse to generate a momentary voltage. This short clip shows how an LED, soldered across the disks of a piezo, illuminates when the disk is tapped or pressed. Notice that the LED lights more effectively when the piezo is pressed rather than tapped...
Using a piezoelectric buzzer in reverse as a microphone, the NerdKits team demonstrates how to design a single-transistor amplifier to amplify the signal. Once it's in the microcontroller, the information is used to make a sound meter display for MIT's Battle of the Bands 2009. (This is part 1 of a 2-part video!) For more information including calculations, schematics, source code, and more, see: www.nerdkits.com
Single transistor circuit to drive piezo transducers with feedback electrodes and how to make two wire piezo transducer to have feedback by cutting the top electrode.
Physics IV D3 Transducers: Piezoelectric Effect, Sonar, Accelerometers PART 2
Physics IV D3 Transducers: Piezoelectric Effect, Sonar, Accelerometers PART 1
i took the beeper (piezo) out of a microwave no im not going to microwave it
Ol' Dirty Possum here at the Luebke Farm. This is me and my father building our first Cigar Box Guitar. As you see, this is an authentic-build CBG--made from a La Gloria Cubana Cigar box, given to us by a good friend, Chip (Hi Chip!); machines from a nylon string acoustic build; bridge from 1/4" all thread and a couple of nuts; a neck-thru-body construction, made from poplar; frets made from brass braising rod; nut made from hardwood; and made electric using a piezoelectric transducer (crystal energy first found by Pierre Cuire--video soon to come!). We hope you enjoy watching this video as much as we have enjoyed making our first CBG, and we hope that you pioneer your own sound soon!
Excerpt
...hydrophones are based on a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to a pressure change. Such piezoelectric materials, or transducers can convert a sound signal into an electrical signal since sound is a pressure wave in fluids....
Source Info
PR-Inside.com
http://www.pr-inside.com/supreme-navy-i-equivalent-piezoceramic-r959470.htm
use a piezo to sense motion
mount a piezo transducer
QuickPack Piezoelectric Fan for cooling LEDs
www.canibus-central.com Lyrics: Inspired by King Osirus, to prevent bootleg pirates I made a firewall larger than China's I was told to memorise what I was shown I saw a snake wrapped around a microphone Furniture moves when I eat from the skeletal plate My face is a slim, sleek gas mask shape I submit to Piezoelectric transducer My dream was identical to a primitive future Fuck a record deal, my training is real Observe the man of steel with a double-headed eagle seal Sexual pacifist, I'll kill you with sex magic I will forever be the illest MC to practice it The Spitzberg beat is a metaphor freak All these conscious rappers are conscienceless and weak The coming superstorm is gonna wipe us off the map There's no way on earth we can get around that A change is gonna happen, we must take action My team and I spend the whole night out battle rappin' Next time you blink this whole song'll be a new mix Tell the people, they need a new fix Was it done by Cthulhu from the space station? The squid-faced god is just one explanation We gathered the evidence but my team was discredited This is America, so I wrote a letter to the President You tried to nail my corpse to a capsule in space My muscle memory means I never forget a face My precious mother gave me the name, G When I focus on the photograph it drives me insane
Dr. Hermes Prado Jr, autor do website www.artesmedicas.com, demonstra de forma simples e rápida o que é o efeito piezoelétrico, fenômeno de fundamental importância na construção de radares, relógios e transdutores de exame de ultra-som em medicina, além de outras aplicações. Visite o website http para assistir a mais vídeos e animações deste médico e artista digital.
Excerpt
...and, more recently, in microprocessor-based devices. Ferroelectric materials are widely used in various devices such as piezoelectric/electrostrictive transducers and actuators, pyroelectric infrared detectors, optical integrated circuits, optical data storage...
Source Info
Centre Daily Times
Related Topics
http://www.centredaily.com/business/story/361223.html
richard-c.com This video tutorial will show you how to make a contact microphone out of a $2 Piezo Transducer (part# 273073A) from Radioshak. You also need an some sort of audio connector, which can either be salvaged from old electronics (preferred solution) or bought from Radioshack as well. This video also demonstrates how to make shockmount for the mike out of scrap styrofoam. You can use this contact microphone to amplify various musical instrument and even object. Here are some examples: mbira (as shown in the video. aka finger piano), yukalaylee, guitar, cello, glass, and pretty much any sort of idiophone, membranophone, and cordophone :). This microphone is cheap and can be mounted on your instrument for recording and live performance. I have to give a shout out to Jamie Burkart who showed me how to make this contact mike in the first place!
Kistler is World Champion in dynamic measurement technology using piezoelectric sensor systems. We also provide static measurement technology with piezoresistive and capacitive as well as torque measurement technology with strain gage sensor systems. We offer solutions for combustion engines development (pressure indication), automotive research (wheel force, crash tests), manufacturing technology (force-displacement, torque) and cavity pressure control for injection molding in plastics manufacturing. Business fields are Engines, Vehicles, Manufacturing, Plastics, Biomechanics, Ballistics. Some key terms: accelerometers, automotive research, cavity pressure, charge amplifiers, cutting force, force transducers, load cell, pressue transducer, signal conditioning platforms, torque transducers, vibration sensors.
Levitation of an acrylic disk 5mm thick x 10mm in diameter via acoustic ultrasonic radiation from a piezoelectric transducer in water. The levitation is due to the powerful acoustic radiation force, and can be manipulated to rotate the object at high speeds. It also works in air
MR.FRequenCY(www.myspace.com/freedomskey) and Etereys(www.myspace.com/phoenixserpent) demonstrating the piezoelectric effect. PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT [piezoelectric effect] , voltage produced between surfaces of a solid dielectric (nonconducting substance) when a mechanical stress is applied to it. A small current may be produced as well. The effect, discovered by Pierre Curie in 1883, is exhibited by certain crystals, eg, quartz and Rochelle salt, and ceramic materials. When a voltage is applied across certain surfaces of a solid that exhibits the piezoelectric effect, the solid undergoes a mechanical distortion. Piezoelectric materials are used in transducers , eg, phonograph cartridges, microphones, and strain gauges, which produce an electrical output from a mechanical input, and in earphones and ultrasonic radiators, which produce a mechanical output from an electrical input. Piezoelectric solids typically resonate within narrowly defined frequency ranges; when suitably mounted they can be used in electric circuits as components of highly selective filters or as frequency-control devices for very stable oscillators. www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-piezoele.html Quartz (which is a single-crystal form of SiO2) has been the material of choice for stable resonators since shortly after piezoelectric crystals were first used in oscillators - in 1918. Although many other materials have been explored, none has been found to be better than quartz. Quartz is the only material known ...
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