History of the American Environmental Movement

History of the American Environmental Movement

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The Kyoto Protocal comes into effect.

Feb 15, 2005

The key objective of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce greenhouse gases that cause climate change. As of June 2008, 182 parties have ratified the protocol. The U.S. is NOT among one of them.

Activist and environmentalist Julia Butterfly Hill climbs into a 180-foot-tall California Coast Redwood Tree.

Dec 9, 1997 to Dec 17, 1999

Hill spent 738 days living in the 600-year-old tree, nicknamed Luna, in order to prevent loggers of the Pacific Lumber Company from cutting it down. A resolution was finally reached in 1999 when t...

California State Water Resources Control Board issues an order to protect Mono Lake and its tributary streams.

Sep 27, 1994

Mono Lake is an alkaline and hypersaline lake in California, United States that is a critical nesting habitat for several bird species and is an unusually productive ecosystem.

The Exxon Valdez oil tanker hits Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef and spills an estimated 10.8 million US gallons (38 megalitres) of crude oil.

Mar 23, 1989

The disaster has been recorded as one of the largest spills in U.S. history and one of the largest ecological disasters in the world.

The Number Four reactor at Chernobyl suffers a disastrous explosion and fire.

Apr 25, 1986 10:23 PM PST

Thirty people are killed in the accident but thousands more die due to exposure to radiation. The Chernobyl incident is the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and it is arguable that th...

Congress passes the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.

1979

The law provides for the creation or revision of 15 National Park Service properties, and sets aside other public lands for the United States Forest Service and United States Fish and Wildlife Serv...

Three Mile Island accident.

Mar 27, 1979

An accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania ultimately results in a partial core meltdown in Unit 2 of the nuclear power plant. The event is co...

President Carter declares an emergency at Love Canal.

Jul 1978

The neighborhood becomes a subject of national attention and controversy following the discovery of toxic waste buried beneath the ground.

The U.S. Supreme Court upholds the 1973 Endangered Species Act and stops construction of the Tellico Dam.

Jun 14, 1977

In 1975, Law professor Zygmunt Plater and student Hiram Hill filed the first petition under the Endangered Species Act. They called on the Department of the Interior to list the snail darter as an ...

Congress establishes the Endangered Species Act.

Dec 27, 1973

The stated purpose of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is to protect species and also "the ecosystems upon which they depend." The ESA is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fis...

DDT banned in U.S.

1971

Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments established.

1971

The Amendments significantly expand on previous legislation and become the basis for the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Water Quality Act of 1987.

President Nixon establishes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Dec 1, 1970

The EPA is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and with safeguarding the natural environment: air, water, and land. It is mainly responsibl...

The Clean Air Act Extension is passed.

1969

The law requires the EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the general public from exposure to airborne contaminants that are known to be hazardous to human health. This law is an amend...

Santa Barbara Oil Spill

Jan 27, 1969

Over a 10-day period, an estimated 3 million gallons of crude oil spill into the channel and onto the beaches of Santa Barbara County in Southern California.

Grand Canyon Dam plan killed.

1967

The Sierra Club publishes full-page newspaper ads in the New York Times and Washington Post against building a dam that would flood the Grand Canyon.

May 1966

The next day, the IRS hand-delivers a suspension of the Club's tax-exempt status. The action boosts the Club's prestige and membership and eventually helps in the fight to save the Canyon.

The Sierra Club brings suit to protect New York's Storm King Mountain from a power project.

1964

The case establishes a precedent, allowing the Club to stand for a non-economic interest in the case.

President Lyndon B. Johnson signs into law the Wilderness Act.

Sep 2, 1964

The Act, written by Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society, created the legal definition of wilderness in the United States, and protected some 9 million acres (36,000 km²) of federal land.

Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" is published.

Aug 1962

The book alerts the general public to the dangers of pesticides such as DDT on the environment, and has since been credited with helping launch the modern environmental movement.

Congress enacts the Air Pollution Control Act.

1954

The act recognizes air pollution as a serious problem and suggests additional research and education on the issue. Although the act does not put into effect any restrictions on polluters, it eventu...

Prominent environmentalist David Brower becomes the first Executive Director of the SIerra Club.

1951

Under his leadership, the Club becomes America's foremost environmental protection organization.

"Sand County Almanac " by American ecologist and environmentalist Aldo Leopold published posthumously.

1948

The book describes the land around Leopold's home in Sauk County, Wisconsin and his thoughts on developing a "land ethic."

An air inversion in Donora, PA traps industrial air pollution from the American Steel and Wire plant and Donora Zinc Works.

Oct 25, 1948 to Oct 30, 1948

18 people die in three days and 50 more die after the inversion lifts. Hundreds of others finish the rest of their lives with damaged lungs and hearts. Later, public outcry over the incident forc...

The Wilderness Society is founded.

Dec 1934

In the first issue of their magazine "Living Wilderness," editor Robert Sterling Yard writes, "The Wilderness Society is born of an emergency in conservation which admits of no delay. The craze is ...

Congress creates the National Park Service.

Aug 24, 1916

Stephen Mather is named first director (May 16, 1917 - January 8, 1929). The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monument...

The Lakeview Gusher starts spewing crude oil into the air of the San Joaquin Valley in California.

Mar 14, 1910

Oil shoots into the air at an estimated 125,000 barrels a day from a column of oil and sand 20 feet in diameter and 200 feet high (6 meters by 60 meters). The gushing continues at a reduced rate fo...

Gifford Pinchot is appointed chief of the Division of Forestry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

1897

The Division of Forestry is now known as the United States Forest Service.

President Benjamin Harrison creates 13 million acres of forest reserves, including four million acres covering much of the High Sierra.

1892

Sierra Club founded.

May 27, 1892

John Muir serves as first president.

Congress passes the Forest Reserve Act.

1890

The act empowers the President to create "forest reserves." This created the legislative foundation for what became the National Forest system.

Congress passes legislation establishing Yosemite and General Grant National Parks.

Sep 30, 1890

General Grant National Park is now known as Kings Canyon National Park. It is contiguous with Sequoia National Park and the two are maintained by the National Park Service as one unit.

Congress passes the infamous Mining Law.

1871

Under the law, companies and individuals may buy the mining rights for public land thought to contain minerals for $5 per acre or less.

Congress passes legislation making Yellowstone the world's first official National Park.

1871

John Muir, one of the first modern preservationists, moves to Yosemite Valley.

1868

The word "ecology" is coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel.

1865

Thoreau's "The Maine Woods" is published posthumously.

1863

In his book, Thoreau calls for the establishment of "national preserves" of virgin forest.

Marsh's "Man and Nature or The Earth as Modified by Human Action" is published.

1863

The book is reprinted many times afterwards.

George Perkins Marsh gives a speech to the Agricultural Society of Rutland County, Vermont.

1847

He calls attention to the destruction impact of human activity on the land, especially through deforestation. Furthermore, he advocates a conservationist approach to the management of forested land...

Writer, transcendentalist, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau moves to Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts.

Jul 4, 1845

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